Tomato

Black Soldier Fly (BSF) Frass:

• Reduced Fusarium wilt disease.

• Produced comparable results in fruit yield, quality, plant biomass, and greenness to control.

• Reduced plant death caused by fungal pathogens.

Cricket Frass:

• Potential to be used as a biostimulant (0.1%) or elicitor (0.5 and 1.0%), reflected in improved morphology and antioxidant enzyme activities.

Edible Insect Frass (General):

• Enhanced growth, yield, and nutritional quality.

Insect Frass Protein Extracts:

• Reduced plant biomass consumption by insect pests (Helicoverpa zea, Ostrinia nubilalis, Spodoptera frugiperda, Trichoplusia ni).

Insect Frass (General):

• Caterpillar frass induced plant defense responses.

• General positive impact on plant growth.