Frass is the excrement of insects, primarily produced in insect farming operations. It contains partially digested feed, insect exoskeleton fragments (chitin), and a diverse community of beneficial microbes.

• Average N-P-K ranges: 4% N, 2% P, 2% K, however values range based upon insect species and diet.

• Organic matter typically >60%.

Frass enhances soil health by increasing microbial diversity, supplying slow-release nutrients, and adding chitin, which can prime plant defense mechanisms.

• For field crops: 200-500 kg/ha pre-plant incorporation recommended.

• For greenhouses: 50-100 g per plant at transplanting.

Frass is best categorized as an organic soil amendment, but it can provide measurable nutrient contributions.

Properly processed frass is unlikely to attract pests; it should be stored dry and applied in accordance with recommendations.