Barley
Mealworm Frass (Tenebrio molitor L.):
Increased barley biomass to the same extent as mineral fertilizers.
Efficiently supplied N, P, and K, sustaining biomass production similarly to NPK fertilizer.
Demonstrated potential as a partial or complete substitute for mineral NPK fertilizer.
Increased microbial metabolic activity and diversity in soil.
Black Soldier Fly (BSF) Frass:
Increased shoot dry weight and foliage NPK and SPAD (chlorophyll density) levels when basal nutrients were low.
Optimal application rate was 7.8 g per pot.
Frass extracts (from Gainesville diet or sheep whey+seeds) increased root dry weight and chlorophyll content.