Chards
Mealworm Frass:
Demonstrated promoted plant growth, increased chlorophyll content, stem length and width, and fresh weight.
Enhanced short-term nutrient recycling facilitated by earthworm activity.
Black Soldier Fly (BSF) Frass:
Production was higher compared to inorganic fertilizers.
Maintained higher values of leaf dry matter compared with NPK treatments, during periods of water stress.
A short post-composting period (four days) of Black Soldier Fly larvae frass compost resulted in higher growth compared to unfertilized soil and similar growth to inorganic NPK fertilizer.
Effective activator of systemic defenses in Swiss chard, reducing infestation by different hemipterans, lepidopterans, and dipterans.