Grasses (Perennial Ryegrass, Timothy, Cocksfoot, Italian Ryegrass)

Black Soldier Fly (BSF) Frass:

• Increased shoot growth, fresh and dry weight, and improved shoot regrowth after cutting.

• Increased chlorophyll content, indicating enhanced photosynthetic capacity and nutritional status.

• Black Soldier Fly frass fertilizer had the same growth promoting effect on Perennial Ryegrass as standard fertilizers.

• Shoot biomass of Italian Ryegrass increased with application rate.

• Fertilizer from cattle slurry processed by Black Soldier Fly produced a greater growth response in Italian Ryegrass than traditional composting.

• Black Soldier Fly frass boosts the biomass yields of red clover and Italian ryegrass by up to 17% compared to conventional composts and unamended soil.

• Ryegrass productivity was maintained or increased when mineral fertilizers were partially replaced with frass.

• Stimulated microbial activity in sandy soil, measured by the enzyme dehydrogenase.

• Increased soil organic matter accumulation and consequent effects on crop productivity in sandy soil.

• Increased fertility of soils amended with frass, in relation to higher soil organic matter, P2O5 and K2O concentrations.

Mealworm Frass:

• Supported by stimulated soil microbial activity and rapid nitrogen mineralization.

• Increased biomass of Italian Ryegrass and produced similar shoot growth as synthetic NPK fertilizer.

Insect Frass (General):

• Can act as a slow-release nitrogen fertilizer, minimizing losses and ensuring a sustained supply to plants.