Brassica rapa

Black Soldier Fly (BSF) and Yellow Mealworm (MWF) Frass:

• Increased leaf area and number of leaves after frass incubation or composting, suggesting detoxification and improved substrate quality.

• Raw Black Soldier Fly frass reduced survival and pupal biomass of root-feeding Delia radicum larvae and survival of shoot-feeding Plutella xylostella larvae.

• Combining Black Soldier Fly frass with synthetic fertilizers improved rice plant growth.

• Mealworm frass mixed with soil for mustard cultivation reduced damage by cabbage fly and diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella).

Caterpillar Frass (Mamestra brassicae):

• Plant growth was positively influenced, and the overall decomposition rate was little affected by frass quality.

Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) Frass:

• Successfully used as an organic fertilizer to promote growth.

• Increased pakchoi biomass and P-solubilizing bacteria.